說(shuō)通俗點(diǎn)，PHP中使用trait關(guān)鍵字是為了解決一個(gè)類既想集成基類的屬性和方法，又想擁有別的基類的方法，而trait一般情況下是和use搭配使用的。
<?php trait Drive { public $carName = 'trait'; public function driving() { echo "driving {$this->carName}\n"; } } class Person { public function eat() { echo "eat\n"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function study() { echo "study\n"; } } $student = new Student(); $student->study(); $student->eat(); $student->driving(); ?>
輸出結(jié)果如下：
study eat driving trait
上面的例子中，Student類通過(guò)繼承Person，有了eat方法，通過(guò)組合Drive，有了driving方法和屬性carName。
如果Trait、基類和本類中都存在某個(gè)同名的屬性或者方法，最終會(huì)保留哪一個(gè)呢？
<?php trait Drive { public function hello() { echo "hello drive\n"; } public function driving() { echo "driving from drive\n"; } } class Person { public function hello() { echo "hello person\n"; } public function driving() { echo "driving from person\n"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function hello() { echo "hello student\n"; } } $student = new Student(); $student->hello(); $student->driving(); ?>
輸出結(jié)果如下：
hello student driving from drive
因此得出結(jié)論：當(dāng)方法或?qū)傩酝麜r(shí)，當(dāng)前類中的方法會(huì)覆蓋 trait的 方法，而 trait 的方法又覆蓋了基類中的方法。
如果要組合多個(gè)Trait，通過(guò)逗號(hào)分隔 Trait名稱：
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多個(gè)Trait中包含同名方法或者屬性時(shí)，會(huì)怎樣呢？答案是當(dāng)組合的多個(gè)Trait包含同名屬性或者方法時(shí)，需要明確聲明解決沖突，否則會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)致命錯(cuò)誤。
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi\n"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi\n"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2; } ?>
輸出結(jié)果如下：
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符來(lái)解決沖突，insteadof是使用某個(gè)方法替代另一個(gè)，而as是給方法取一個(gè)別名，具體用法請(qǐng)看代碼：
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi\n"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi\n"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; } } class Class2 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; Trait2::hi as hei; Trait1::hello as hehe; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); $Obj1->hi(); echo "\n"; $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); $Obj2->hi(); $Obj2->hei(); $Obj2->hehe(); ?>
輸出結(jié)果如下：
Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hi Trait1::hello
as關(guān)鍵詞還有另外一個(gè)用途，那就是修改方法的訪問(wèn)控制：
Trait 也能組合Trait，Trait中支持抽象方法、靜態(tài)屬性及靜態(tài)方法，測(cè)試代碼如下：
<?php trait Hello { public function sayHello() { echo "Hello\n"; } } trait World { use Hello; public function sayWorld() { echo "World\n"; } abstract public function getWorld(); public function inc() { static $c = 0; $c = $c + 1; echo "$c\n"; } public static function doSomething() { echo "Doing something\n"; } } class HelloWorld { use World; public function getWorld() { return 'get World'; } } $Obj = new HelloWorld(); $Obj->sayHello(); $Obj->sayWorld(); echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n"; HelloWorld::doSomething(); $Obj->inc(); $Obj->inc(); ?>
輸出結(jié)果如下：
Hello World get World Doing something 1 2